Dr. Clark s Biko Cry Freedom ( Bos Par - 1061 Words

Ten years after the death of Stephen Bantu Biko (1946-77), South Africa’s â€Å"Daily Dispatch† journalist, Donald Woods, wrote Biko: Cry Freedom (Bos par. 1). His book was subsequently adapted for film and produced by hollywood director: Richard Attenborough (Bos par.1). The film was released on the heels of South Africa’s nation-wide declaration of a â€Å"state of emergency† in 1986 (Clark and Worger xvi). Though some claim Attenborough’s film is a biographical look at the life, trial, and death of Biko, this claim strikes me as problematic. Told mainly from Wood’s perspective, the film touches on the formation of the South African Students’ Organization (SASO) under the co-leadership of Biko. Initially, viewers learn about Biko’s work with the Black Community Programmes (BCP), as illustrated in the scene where Biko gives a well-received speech at the illegal gathering for the Black People’s Convention (BPC) (Clark and Worger xx). It is only through Woods that the audience finds out that SASO gathered support from students fed up with the apartheid rule law-abiding National Union of South African Students (NUSAS). For his dedicated advocacy work, Biko is banned in 1973 as an attempt to silence and isolate him from his community. Frantz Fanon’s chapter, â€Å"Concerning violence† in The Wretched of the Earth (1961), speaks to the disappearance of individualism under colonial rule. Fanon indicates that the â€Å"colonialist bourgeoisie† thrusts the ideology upon the â€Å"native

Natural Law versus Utilitarian Law Free Essays

Abortion and Homosexuality, for many years, still remain one of the most crucial social and ethical issues of modern times. It has divided societies. Advocates and opponents continue to collide over debates, rallies, and violent confrontations trying to exert their rights to these practices. We will write a custom essay sample on Natural Law versus Utilitarian Law or any similar topic only for you Order Now Both sides have valid arguments that led to legal battles and state legislation. Abortion is legal in 54 countries while it is illegal in 97 countries. Approximately 46 million abortions are performed worldwide every year, averaging 126,000 a day. In the United States, 1,370,000 occur annually. Since its legalization in 1973, there are more than 40 million cases reported. Many women use abortion as birth control while others because of rape or incest. Women decide to abort in order to postpone childbearing, cannot afford a baby, too young, will disrupt education or career, risk to fetal health, and risk to maternal health. Each year almost 26 million women obtain legal abortions while 20 million others obtain it illegally in countries that prohibit the practice. Moral considerations in abortion include: Is the fetus a person? What stage of development does it become human? Does the pregnant woman have the right to decide whether she wants the baby or not? Not allowing a woman to end her unwanted pregnancy violates her human rights? Are laws controlling abortion violates privacy? Would abortion be allowed to women who are victims of rape or incest? On the other hand, homosexuals are well-known throughout history and now becoming a phenomenon these days. Their fashionable lifestyle is now acceptable. Recent studies show that the prevalence of homosexuality in adult males of Western societies ranges from 2% to 8%, indicating that a significant number of the population have homosexual tendencies. Homosexuals are now found in all walks of life, in all kinds of families, in many religions and races. Homosexuality is illegal in 80 countries, 42 of these outlaw male-to-male sex. The legal status of homosexuals varies. In some countries, homosexual acts are prosecuted under morality law or public indecency and even put to death. In 2001, Netherlands became the first country to legalize same-sex marriages followed by Belgium in 2003, Spain and Canada in 2005, and the US State of Massachusetts in 2004. Among the strongest issue against homosexuals is that they are obsessed with sex, having little self-control or morality. Their promiscuous living enables them to have multiple partners as many as 100, making them vulnerable to and carriers of sexually transmitted diseases. Homosexuals continue their struggle for recognition. They fight for equal rights to employment opportunity, better access to health and insurance, freedom to marry, legislation for child custody, and the repealing of laws that ban transvestitism and cross-dressing among others. Considering these scenarios, different views and laws come into play, for or against: The Natural Law versus the Utilitarian Law. Both sides are trying to justify the actions. Natural law uses the principle of Double Effect wherein a person may lawfully perform an action from which two effects will follow, one bad, the other good. This principle states that evil must never be willed or voluntary or used as an end or means to an end. To determine whether the action is right the act itself must be morally good or neutral, the motivation may not positively intend the bad effect but may permit it only to attain the good effect, the good effect must be desired to compensate for allowing the bad effect, and there must be serious reason to allow the evil effect. The Utilitarian, in contrast, uses the principle of Utility that such action is right or moral when it promotes happiness or pleasure, and decreased the unhappiness or pain of individuals affected by the action. This principle is commonly known as achieving the greatest good for the greatest number. The law believes that all individuals are equal when determining the consequences of any given action and decides which action to take, of all the possible actions, to do the right thing. Abortion and the Utilitarian Law. The central arguments of this law in favor of abortion is that the woman has the right to control her own body, that abortion is a just exercise of this right, and that the law should recognize the right of choice. Denial of this right encourages illegal abortion and causes psychological anguish for women, especially those who are victims of rape or incest. The fetus, according to this theory, only becomes a person when it is viable in 23 weeks. At this time, the fetus has no legal rights. The rights only belong to the woman who can decide if she wants the baby or not. Reproductive freedom is a basic right. Abortion is justified if done within the period when the fetus is not fully developed. In this case, abortion is only terminating the pregnancy, not killing a child. Under its guiding principle of maximizing total happiness, denying a woman to end her unwanted pregnancy will cause her unhappiness and increase her pain. In addition, the baby will inflict physical and psychological harm as well as affect the woman’s mental health. If she is forced to care for the child, it will be a burden because she is not ready for the responsibility. She will be distressful in the future. Along the process, the child may suffer. Unhappiness will rule the lives of both mother and child, and the people around them. This law also compares abortion to self-defense. That if the baby poses a threat to the life or health of the woman, abortion will be the best possible action to take out the threat. Abortion and the Natural Law. The central arguments of this law against abortion is the notion that human life begins at conception, that abortion is a deliberate act of killing the life in progress, and that the law must prohibit unjust violations of the right to live. Nature has provided women wombs to create life, eliminating life would be unnatural. The act of abortion is evil because its motivation is willful and pre-meditated in terminating an innocent being. Under this theory, undergoing an abortion procedure is not allowed. However, other medical procedures could be morally good if only to save the life of a mother even if it resulted in the unintended death of the unborn child. The death of the child is not intentional but allowed to happen as a by-product of the action. Good acts must not be accomplished by evil deeds nor evil must not become an element in achieving the good. Abortion should not be used for family planning or prevent birth defects. If during treatment of a deadly disease such as cancer, through chemotheraphy or hysterectomy, the unborn child dies. The death of the child is not a mean to cure the illness. If there is a choice in getting the good effect without the bad effect, then this must be taken. If the action will result in lesser good and greater evil, the evil will be considered accidental or incidental. If a woman aborts her child to avoid embarrassment or maintain a shapely figure, this is not a reason of unintentional death but a planned one. All possible acts must be pursued to preserve life, but during the course of action one life is lost, the act is permissible and acceptable. Homosexuality and the Utilitarian Law. Referring to its principle that such action is morally right if it produces the greatest happiness for the greatest number of people, then homosexuality would be acceptable because homosexuals generate a lot of pleasure to a lot of people. As stated earlier, their practices allow them to experience various relationships with different partners. To this extent, homosexuality should be acceptable. This theory has three features on the issue: consequence, welfare, and sum-ranking. The act is moral if its consequences contribute to the happiness (welfare) of many people (sum-ranking). On this account there is no action that is neither right nor wrong. Homosexual acts are moral as long as they maximize happiness. All that matter is that their actions are right if it pleases everyone. The law also believes that homosexuality is a normal human condition not only brought about biologically or the environment but can affect early childhood. It covers every culture and age. Homosexuality and the Natural Law. In this theory, homosexuality is not acceptable because it simply does not conform in accordance with nature. A man and a woman are designed to complement each other in sex and marriage, to produce offspring and raise a family. Their bodies are intended for that purpose. Homosexuality defeats that purpose but only abuses the human body. Two men or two women cannot reproduce. Thus, it is considered unnatural and immoral because it destroys the essence of family life. Through adoption, gay couples may have the possibility to raise their own families. However, as a consequence, the children will grow up in an inappropriate living condition, bombarded by intrigues and unusual behavior of their so cold parents. Definitely, their way of thinking and behavior will likewise be influenced.   In this set up, the act imposes bad effects for the children. Conflicts may arise soon when the children reached the age of reason that perhaps will give way for separation and unhappiness. Legalizing homosexuality will affect the conduct and judgment of children as well as spread immorality. Its acts contradict all conditions of the double effect principle. There is no good effect, only evil effect. Homosexual act by itself is not good and its motivation is for self satisfaction not for the benefit of others. The gay ideology only reduces the human dignity. Their promiscuous acts not only create scandals that shook institutions like the church or government but give rise to a number of diseases that plague many nations. The practice of homosexuality presents lethal consequences to other people. As a result, the act results in a number of sexually transmitted diseases.   The Center for Disease Control cited that homosexuals make up 80% of all AIDS cases in America. People with same sex attraction are said to have personality problems and deserve to be treated. References Grisez, G.G. (1970). Toward A Consistent Natural Law: Ethics of Killing. (Reprinted). The American Journal of Jurisprudence. Vol. 15. [Electronic version]. Retrieve May 9, 2006, from http://faculty.msmary.edu/Conway/PHIL%20400x/Grisez%20Toward%20A%20Consistent.pdf#search=’the%20utilitarian%20law%20on%20abortion’ Alstad, D. Abortion and The Morality Wars: Taking The Moral Offensive. National Abortion Rights Action League, 1997. Retrieve May 9, 2006, from http://www.rit.org/editorials/abortion/moralwar.html Hinman, L.M. (2000). Contemporary Moral Issues: Diversity and Consensus. (2nd Ed.). Prentice Hall College Div; 1 edition (December 22, 1995). University of San Diego. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 2000 Smart, J. J. C., Williams, B. (1973). Utilitarianism : For and Against. Cambridge University Press. United Kingdom. Finnis, J. (1980). (Natural Law and Natural Rights. Clarendon Law Series. Oxford University Press, USA (March 20, 1980). Ruse, M. (1993). Homosexuality: Right or Wrong? Free Inquiry. Volume: 13. Issue: 2. Spring 1993. Council for Democratic and Secular Humanism, Inc. How to cite Natural Law versus Utilitarian Law, Essay examples

Red Bull Social Media Analysis Viral Marketing

Question: Describe about the Red Bull Social Media Analysis: Viral Marketing? Answer: Introduction: This assignment analyses the social media presence of Red Bull. An energy drink was established in the year 1987 In Austria. Red Bull has maintained its highest position in selling energy drink within the world. Different products of Red Bull are Red Bull energy drinks, sugerfree drinks, drinks of zero calories, tropical fruit drink, blueberry drink, cherry drink etc. There are other products of Red Bull that is involved in Red Bull cola and Red Bull energy etc. Red Bull uses different digital marketing strategy for marketing different products. Strengths and weakness of Red Bull products: As discussed by (Botha and Reyneke), strengths of Red Bull are involved in its iconic brands, leadership within the industry, entertainment value. On the other hand, Weaknesses of Red Bull are involved in niche market segment and lack of innovation of products. However, marketing strategy of Red Bull is involved in avoiding different traditional techniques of marketing and advertisement. Red Bull has focused upon different cultural events and social media in order to market its products to the customers. Social media marketing strategy of Red Bull: Media house of Red Bull deeply focuses upon different types of digital as well as social media marketing techniques. This company fully integrates its every marketing project into different existing and popular social medium. Marketing managers of Red Bull use social medium and digital medium in order to gain cost effectiveness within the competitive sector of market. Red Bull has been experienced in the process of creating successful digital media campaign for its products within the market. Red Bulls strategy is fully different from other soft drink companies. Red Bull has 35 million followers within different social mediums or channels. Red Bull has also used viral advertising technique (Kozinets). Therefore, technique of viral marketing of Red Bull has become very successful in order to conduct viral marketing techniques. Red Bull has also demonstrated its different contents in video via YouTube photos via insta gram and content via face book and twitter. Red Bull demonstrates videos via face book and other social medium also. The video content of Red Bull seeks to highlight different popular athletes as well as sports persons. Red Bull has developed its effective strategy of content marketing in order to market its products among the targeted customers within the competitive sector of the market. As Red bull provides energy drinks seeks to engage different extreme sports persons; air biking, snowboards etc. Every aspect of advertisements of Red Bull provides visual contents of sports, athletics, music etc. Red Bull has focused upon providing effective pictures of energetic sport persons for convincing the customers that Red Bull can provide lots of energy to overcome any dangers. Red Bull communicates its core messages of energy through different strategies of content marketing. Most popular posts of Red Bull within different social mediums are involved in the innovative photos and videos. The tagline of Red Bull is Gives you wings. It has truly maintained in the creative videos and photos of Red Bull. Red Bulls face book page has gained more than 30 million likes. Red Bull focuses upon the demands of its customers while providing advertisements of its products (McKay-Nesbitt and Yoon) Social media presence of Red Bull: Face Book: Unlimited posting Different content related to adventure, sports, music Regular update of contents Twitter: Timely posting in pages Updated information about new events of sports, adventures and music However, it has been surveyed that Twitter has not got enough views from the customers. Twitter contents related to text has not been updated regularly (Twitter.com) Google+: Updating contents within 2 days per week Contents of music, adventures, sports Posts have effective engagement among customers Insta gram: Photos of sports, adventures on timely basis Different related activities of photos on activities of sports From 8 April to 22 April, different types of photos have been uploaded in the Insta gram. Different adventures pictures have been uploaded daily for the audiences (Instagram.com) You tube: Video uploading based on time Live video recording Updated video uploading Contents those are related to adventures, sports and music Videos have decent views Target audience analysis of Red Bull: Demographic segmentation of Red Bull is involved in the process of age segmentation, gender, and psychographic segmentation. Age group of target audiences of Red Bull is from 16 to 30 years old. Customers of below 16 mostly buy different lines of products of Red Bull soda. On the other hand, middle-aged customers mostly buy other zero calories products of Red Bull(Tang, Wang and Norman). This company mostly focuses on male customers. However, Red Bull does not reject group of women within the databases of customers. Red Bull can be considered as luxury products among the customers within the competitive sector of the market. On the other hand (Pletikosa Cvijikj, Dubach Spiegler and Michahelles) stated that, psychographic segmentation is very much necessary as well as essential in order to distinguish the trends of customers. Red Bull knows the trends of the customers. Within psychographic segmentation, buyers are involved into different ways; those are as follows: Lifestyle: Students, business executives, working class executives Occasions: Special as well as regular Personality: Adventurers, ambitious, open to gather new experiences Social status: High status User status: Regular user Attitude of customers to the products: Enthusiastic and adventurers Loyalty status: Customers are not so loyal to this company. This industry is not a loyalty-based industry Benefits: Quality On the other hand (Tkachenko) argued that, Red Bull also has maintained its geographical segmentation through area, region and city of the customers. Red Bull has concentrated upon the urban and semi urban sector of different countries. Conclusion and Recommendation: As discussed by (Wolny) Red Bull is the highest seller of energy drinks among the competitive sector of the global market. Red Bull has focused upon the social media marketing technique to focus upon the young customers. Therefore, Red Bull has tried to project its different products through different social mediums. On the other hand (Xu and Li) discussed that, Red Bull can face issues in order to provide effective social media campaign. Face book page is often not updated with regular information. Random posts of Face book is often handled with poor handling techniques. Red Bull only shares images and videos to insta gram. There are no provisions of user tagging for the customers of Red Bull. Recommendation 1: However, (Young and Merritt) discussed that, Red Bull has not developed innovative products for the customers. Red Bull only shares photos, videos in different social mediums for the customers. Red Bull can change techniques of approach by the help of different marketing experts of Red Bull. Recommendation 2: Red Bull can develop different effective techniques as well as strategies of content marketing for attracting the customers. Red Bull can acquire different techniques of content marketing; those are involved within info graphics, slide share presentation, e-books, e-mail marketing, and pr techniques. It has been investigated that Red Bull is lacking from effective PR campaign. Therefore, Red Bull can provide effective information by initiating newsletters and other pr tools for customers. Recommendation 3: The presence of Red Bull in insta gram is low. Therefore, Red Bull should focus upon this platform to gain marketing effectiveness. Red Bull needs to update pages of Insta gram on daily basis. Daily update is very necessary for this company. Recommendation 4: Red Bull mainly targets male players and male adventurers. Therefore, it should include women in the advertising process. It should portray the image of an adventurers woman. Reference lists Botha, Elsamari, and Mignon Reyneke. 'To Share Or Not To Share: The Role Of Content And Emotion In Viral Marketing'. J. Public Affairs 13.2 (2013): 160-171. Web. Instagram.com,. 'Red Bull (@Redbull) Instagram Photos And Videos'. N.p., 2015. Web. 6 May 2015. Kozinets, Robert V. 'Creating Sustainable Digital Experiences'. GfK Marketing Intelligence Review 6.2 (2014): n. pag. Web. McKay-Nesbitt, Jane, and Sukki Yoon. 'Social Marketing Communication Messages'. Journal of Social Marketing 5.1 (2015): 40-55. Web. Pletikosa Cvijikj, Irena, Erica Dubach Spiegler, and Florian Michahelles. 'Evaluation Framework For Social Media Brand Presence'. Soc. Netw. Anal. Min. 3.4 (2013): 1325-1349. Web. Tang, Fengchun, Xuequn Wang, and Carolyn Strand Norman. 'An Investigation Of The Impact Of Media Capabilities And Extraversion On Social Presence And User Satisfaction'. Behaviour Information Technology 32.10 (2013): 1060-1073. Web. Tkachenko, Yegor. 'Optimal Allocation Of Digital Marketing Budget: The Empirical Bayes Approach'. J Market Anal 2.3 (2014): 162-172. Web. Twitter.com,. 'Red Bull (@Redbull) | Twitter'. N.p., 2015. Web. 6 May 2015. Wolny, Julia. 'Marketing Transformations: Re-Thinking Marketing, Digital First'. J Direct Data Digit Mark Pract 16.2 (2014): 150-151. Web. Xu, Guandong, and Lin Li. Social Media Mining And Social Network Analysis. Hershey, PA: Information Science Reference, 2013. Print. Young, Joyce A., and Nancy J. Merritt. 'Marketing Channels: A Content Analysis Of Recent Research, 20102012'. Journal of Marketing Channels 20.3-4 (2013): 224-238. Web.